Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition characterised by a burning, scalding, or tingling sensation in the mouth despite the oral tissues appearing clinically normal.
The tongue is the most commonly affected area, but symptoms may also involve the lips, palate, cheeks, and throat.
Common Symptoms
Patients often describe:
- A burning or stinging sensation in the mouth
- Symptoms that worsen throughout the day
- Altered taste sensation (dysgeusia), including bitter or metallic tastes
- Dry mouth sensation (xerostomia)
- Tingling, numbness, or discomfort of the tongue and oral tissues
Common Triggers
Many patients notice that symptoms are aggravated by:
- Stress and anxiety
- Fatigue
- Hot foods and beverages
- Spicy or acidic foods
- Alcohol
- Smoking
- Prolonged speaking
- Certain toothpastes or oral hygiene products
Symptoms may temporarily improve while eating or drinking and then return afterwards.
Types of Burning Mouth Syndrome
Primary (Idiopathic) BMS
Also known as idiopathic Burning Mouth Syndrome, this occurs when no identifiable local or systemic cause can be found. It is thought to be related to dysfunction of the nerves involved in pain and taste sensation.
Secondary BMS
Secondary Burning Mouth Syndrome occurs when symptoms are caused by an underlying local or medical condition.
Systemic BMS
Systemic factors can contribute to burning mouth symptoms and should be investigated as part of a thorough assessment.
Causes of Secondary Burning Mouth Syndrome
Potential causes include:
- Dry mouth due to medications or salivary gland dysfunction
- Oral fungal infections such as candidiasis
- Nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron, folate, vitamin B12, and zinc
- Diabetes
- Thyroid disorders
- Hormonal changes, particularly around menopause
- Acid reflux disease
- Allergic reactions or contact sensitivities
- Certain medications
- Anxiety, stress, and depression
- Dentures
Associated Findings
Although the mouth often appears normal, patients commonly report:
- Persistent oral discomfort
- Altered taste sensation (dysgeusia)
- Dry mouth symptoms (xerostomia)
- Difficulty eating certain foods
- Reduced quality of life due to chronic discomfort
Management
Management depends on identifying whether the condition is primary or secondary.
Treatment may include:
- Investigating and correcting underlying medical conditions
- Treating oral infections such as candidiasis
- Managing dry mouth symptoms
- Correcting nutritional deficiencies
- Reviewing medications with the patient’s medical practitioner
- Managing stress, anxiety, and sleep disturbances
- Avoiding known symptom triggers
- Symptom-relieving therapies for idiopathic cases
The Importance of Assessment
Because Burning Mouth Syndrome can have multiple causes, a thorough dental and medical evaluation is essential. Identifying and treating underlying factors can often significantly improve symptoms and quality of life.
If you are experiencing a persistent burning sensation, altered taste, or dry mouth, the team at Dural Dental Practice can help assess your symptoms and guide you toward the most appropriate treatment and management options.
